Where as oral disease demonstrate similar manifestations, we should get a correct diagnosis via diagnostic methods and also clinical signs and symptoms.Nowadays molecular biology is used diagnosis oral lesions (eg. Using biomarkers and gene expressions).Immunocytochemical techniques and monoclonal Abs are used in lichen planus and lesions caused by papilloma virus and also for distinguishing viral Ags in frozen tissue sections.Furthermore Insitu hybridization, which is done with synthetic oligonucleotides, is the most accurate method for HPV diagnosis.The more specific methods (eg. Immunofluorescence) are used in distinguishing DLE, pemphigoid and heterogenous diseases. The researchers are interested in finding genetic changes which result in malignant tumors. P53 mutation, the most common change in cancers, is recognized with polymerize chain reaction (PCR) and molecular tests in tissue sections.Besides mentioned methods, in 90th, decade or'afWrid1and teardteps are by the used diagnostic means.These methods have high sensivity and specificity and it is hoped that we use these faster and cheaper methods which are more accepted with patients.

Background and Aim: At present, there are various methods for performing diagnostic tests. Due to the fact that saliva is easily available compared to other body fluids, it can be collected from patients in a noninvasive way and there is no risk of cross-infection because of it, so its use has become more common. Also, the analysis of substances in saliva can be a reflection of a person's oral and systemic conditions. Despite its advantages as a diagnostic fluid, the lack of sufficient information about the methods of collecting and storing samples prevents the repeated use of saliva. In this article, it has been tried to collect the most standard methods of saliva collection, required conditions and supplies, and how to maintain, and provide them to users. Material and Methods: In this review article, data were collected by searching articles which were published between year 2000 and 2020 in domestic and foreign journals, using databases such as: PubMed, PubMed Central, Medline, EBSCO, Google Scholar and Embase with keywords: Saliva, Dry Mouth, Xerostomia, Salivary Determination and Saliva Estimation. Among the relevant authorities, the articles that were cited many times and were more up-to-date, were selected. Conclusion: It seems like using saliva in modern diagnostic tests, makes the diagnosis of many diseases easier, faster and more accurate. The standard methods of saliva collection in this article can be used as a guide for laboratory-clinical researchs by researchers.

Purpose: Tooth brushing is the most common method for removing dental plaque. The design of toothbrush influences the amount of plaque removal. The purpose of this study was to compare the two manual toothbrushes (Oral-B and chic) in their efficacy in removing plaque.Material & Method: This experimental study was done cross over and single blind. Forty children 8 to 10years old were selected and told to stop all oral hygiene procedures for 24 hours. In the first visit dental plaque was evaluated by means of Shick-Ash index before and after brushing with one of the test brushes. The brushing was done 20 times in every quadrant by one of the authors by scrub method. Children were instructed to use their routine method of oral hygiene and return to the clinic one-week later. The same plaque removal procedure and plaque index assessment was applied for the other toothbrush in the second appointment. Data were analysed using Paired -T-test.Results: Statistical analysis showed significant differences in reducing PI for the two toothbrushes (chic, P=0/0005 and oral-B, P=0/0006). The results indicated no significant differences in reducing PI between the two toothbrushes (P=0/075).Conclusion: Both toothbrushes (Oral-B and chic) were equally effective in reducing PI. It seems that correct brushing as equally important as kind of toothbrushes.

Background: Evaluation is an essential component of training of oral health professionals and development and modification of evaluation methods in dental education seem necessary. The present study aimed to compare two evaluation methods in practical oral pathology.Methods: This cross-sectional, comparative study was conducted in Shiraz School of Dentistry in 2013. The study participants included 110 junior dental students (55 cases and 55 controls) who were evaluated in oral pathology. The data were analyzed by independent samples t-test and chi-square test using the SPSS statistical software, version 17.Results: The results showed that the mean score of practical pathology was higher in the group evaluated by the new method compared to that assessed using the traditional approach (t=2.041, p=0.003).Conclusion: Based on the results, the designed evaluation method was a proper tool to assess students’ ability in practical oral pathology. Thus, oral pathology professors are recommended to apply this tool. Yet, further studies should be conducted to determine the reason for effectiveness of this method.

Automatic topic detection seems unavoidable in social media analysis due to big text data which their users generate. Clustering-based methods are one of the most important and up-to-date categories in topic detection. The goal of this research is to have a wide study on this category. Therefore, this paper aims to study the main components of clustering-based-topic-detection, which are embedding methods, distance metrics, and clustering algorithms. Transfer learning and consequently pretrained language models and word embeddings have been considered in recent years. Regarding the importance of embedding methods, the efficiency of five new embedding methods, from earlier to recent ones, are compared in this paper. To conduct our study, two commonly used distance metrics, in addition to five important clustering algorithms in the field of topic detection, are implemented by the authors. As COVID-19 has turned into a hot trending topic on social networks in recent years, a dataset including one-month tweets collected with COVID-19-related hashtags is used for this study. More than 7500 experiments are performed to determine tunable parameters. Then all combinations of embedding methods, distance metrics and clustering algorithms (50 combinations) are evaluated using Silhouette metric. Results show that T5 strongly outperforms other embedding methods, cosine distance is weakly better than other distance metrics, and DBSCAN is superior to other clustering algorithms.

Four important ways of religious education in the field of beliefs are inferred in this article through the nature of religion in the Holy Quran. We have examined two categories of “nature of religion” and “methods of religious education” for this purpose. All verses including the root of “د ـ ی ـ ن” (religion) have been investigated in order to properly understand the nature of religion in the Holy Quran. Then, we have benefited from the inference method to find the ways of religious education in the Holy Quran. In the inferential method, we have reached the “conclusion”, which is the method of religious education by using two premises, “normative” and “realistic”. The solutions of the Holy Quran to achieve the methods of religious education are explained in the following. For example, using the Scriptures directly to know the right actions is one of the solutions of the Holy Quran to reach the way of believing in the punishment of deeds. The achievement of religious education methods through discovering the nature of religion and explaining the purpose of education on the one hand and using the inferential method as a research method on the other hand is one of the innovations of this research. The achievements of this paper can be used to provide an educational theoretical model for formal and public education system.

Introduction: Oral biofilms, formed by microorganisms such as Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, and Enterococcus faecalis, contribute to common dental problems like caries, periodontitis, and peri-implantitis. These biofilms, characterized by a self-produced extracellular matrix, exhibit high resistance to conventional treatments like antibiotics, necessitating alternative therapeutic strategies. This review explores how PDT employs photosensitizers (PS) activated by specific wavelengths of light to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which subsequently target microbial cells and disrupt the biofilm matrix.  The aim of his review is to explores the applications and mechanisms of a novel therapeutic approach called photodynamic therapy (PDT) for biofilm-associated infections in dentistry. Method: The review also provides a comprehensive overview of both in vitro and clinical studies demonstrating the efficacy of PDT. Results: PDT with photosensitizers such as methylene blue and toluidine blue, combined with light sources such as diode lasers, results in a significant reduction in microbial viability in biofilms. Through the mechanism of ROS production, photodynamic therapy disrupts biofilm integrity and inactivates microbial pathogens. Furthermore, studies show that combining photodynamic therapy with conventional treatments such as chlorhexidine or low-dose antibiotics enhances biofilm elimination by exploiting synergistic effects. Conclusion: Advances in nanotechnology, including nanoparticle-encapsulated photosensitizers, are also discussed for their potential to increase the clinical efficacy and specificity of PDT. Through a comprehensive review of current research, this article seeks to highlight the potential of PDT to revolutionize oral care by providing a minimally invasive solution for persistent and resistant dental biofilms.

Background: Recent studies show that the prevalence of oral diseases, as one of the non-communicable diseases, is rapidly increasing in Iran and its improvement necessitates an efficient educational program. Thus, the present study aims at investigating the effect of peer education using poster and presentation methods on perceived benefits of oral health based on the Health Belief Model (HBM). Method: This study is a quasi-experimental study which examines 118 elementary students, categorized into control and experimental groups, in Neyshabur, 2018. The data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire that examined the participants’,performance as well as the perceived benefits concerning oral health based on HBM before and after the study. In addition, the data was analyzed using SPSS 20 through paired samples t-tests, independent t-tests and Chi Square analysis. Results: The results show that the perceived benefits mean score for the experimental group increased after the implementation of the treatment (Pretest M=10. 83, SD=2. 6 & Post Test M=21. 69, SD=1. 77). Therefore, it could be stated that the peer education approach along with using presentation methods to increase the average score of perceived benefits of the students in oral hygiene is highly effective and statistically significant (P <0. 001). Conclusion: The results revealed that the implementation of active educational methods that are done with the participation and focus of students, can lead to the improvement of oral health indicators in them.

As acknowledged, patient's with learning difficulties have problems using conventional brushes with different techniques. This investigation was designed to evaluate its efficacy and applicability for this group of patients in comparson to a conventional brush (oral-B). A group of 50 male institutionized pupils were selected who were between 6 to 14 years of age. Cases were randomaly selected and divided into two groups each of which had used one tooth brush for a month followed by the use of the second brush for the second month. A one week wash out was also considered between the two periods to eliminate the period effect. Results indicated that there was no significant difference between the level of plaque removal in two groups.In conclusion: The use of super brush has been proved to be as effective as the conventional brush while removing the need for al1¥ detailed training in this particular group of children.